What were the roots of John C. Calhoun’s states’ rights argument?

John C. Calhoun built his argument for South Carolina’s right to block the imposition of federal tariffs on the doctrine of nullification espoused by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, respectively, in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed by the legislatures of those states in 1798. Jefferson argued that the union was a compact of sovereign states and that the federal government was their agent with certain specified delegated powers. The states, according to Jefferson, retained the authority to determine when the federal government had exceeded its powers and could declare acts to be void in their jurisdictions.